{"id":1544,"date":"2026-05-21T05:17:09","date_gmt":"2026-05-21T05:17:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/purecabelementor.jiqf67.ap-southeast-2.wpstaqhosting.com\/?p=1544"},"modified":"2026-10-25T22:06:42","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T22:06:42","slug":"why-independent-testing-matters-in-activated-carbon-cabin-filters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/why-independent-testing-matters-in-activated-carbon-cabin-filters","title":{"rendered":"Why Independent Testing Matters in Activated Carbon Cabin Filters"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1544\" class=\"elementor elementor-1544\" wpc-filter-elementor-widget=\"1\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d25a0db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d25a0db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa6a1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2aa6a1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why Independent Testing Matters in Activated Carbon Cabin Filters<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f56db6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f56db6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Published May 2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60040be elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"60040be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Why-Independent-Testing-Matters-in-Activated-Carbon-Cabin-Filters-scaled-1-1024x768.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1548\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Why-Independent-Testing-Matters-in-Activated-Carbon-Cabin-Filters-scaled-1-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Why-Independent-Testing-Matters-in-Activated-Carbon-Cabin-Filters-scaled-1-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Why-Independent-Testing-Matters-in-Activated-Carbon-Cabin-Filters-scaled-1-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Why-Independent-Testing-Matters-in-Activated-Carbon-Cabin-Filters-scaled-1-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Why-Independent-Testing-Matters-in-Activated-Carbon-Cabin-Filters-scaled-1-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Why-Independent-Testing-Matters-in-Activated-Carbon-Cabin-Filters-scaled-1-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Why-Independent-Testing-Matters-in-Activated-Carbon-Cabin-Filters-scaled-1-600x450.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Independent filter testing performed at Assay Technologies LLC, USA in 2026.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8422b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8422b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When it comes to cabin air filtration during spraying operations, not all activated carbon filters perform the same.<\/p><p>Many operators assume that if a filter contains activated carbon, it automatically provides effective protection against chemical vapours. However, real-world performance depends on several important factors including carbon type, moisture content, airflow, filter design and testing standards.<\/p><p>To better understand how activated carbon filters perform under demanding conditions, Purecab have released latest independent test results from Assay Technologies in the USA and S-Test Turkey, Europe.<\/p><p>The testing compared Purecab filters powered by ADXORB\u00ae Activated Carbon alongside OEM filters under controlled laboratory conditions using USA Standard ASABE S613-3 and EN 15695:2.<\/p><p>Importantly, the testing was conducted under what could be considered a \u201cworst case\u201d scenario:<\/p><ul><li>High humidity (80%)<\/li><li>High airflow rates (42m\u00b3\/h)<\/li><li>Intense chemical exposure conditions<\/li><\/ul><p>These conditions were intentionally selected to push the filters harder than what would typically be experienced in a tractor cabin during normal operation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9996fc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9996fc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Independently Tested to European &amp; USA Standards<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c26836b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c26836b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The testing focused specifically on chemical adsorption performance rather than dust capture.<\/p><p>This distinction is important because while dust filters may capture particles, activated carbon is required to adsorb chemical vapours generated during spraying operations.<\/p><p>During testing, Purecab filters again passed both EN 15695:2 and USA ASABE S613-3 standards, with chemical adsorption performance exceeding recommended effective life requirements.<\/p><p>Breakthrough was measured after more than 20 minutes under intense chemical exposure conditions, demonstrating strong adsorption capability even under high humidity and airflow conditions.<\/p><p>The results further support previous findings from earlier collaboration work involving the University of Adelaide and additional international industry recognition including references from the University of Michigan respiratory protection resources.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d138cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4d138cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df56b2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"df56b2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How Moisture Affects Activated Carbon Filters<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2a60da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e2a60da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b4fd67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8b4fd67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70482fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"70482fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"587\" src=\"https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/How-Moisture-Affects-Activated-Carbon-Filters-1024x751.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1547\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/How-Moisture-Affects-Activated-Carbon-Filters-1024x751.png 1024w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/How-Moisture-Affects-Activated-Carbon-Filters-300x220.png 300w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/How-Moisture-Affects-Activated-Carbon-Filters-768x563.png 768w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/How-Moisture-Affects-Activated-Carbon-Filters-16x12.png 16w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/How-Moisture-Affects-Activated-Carbon-Filters-600x440.png 600w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/How-Moisture-Affects-Activated-Carbon-Filters.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Purecab filters are vacuum sealed to help protect activated carbon from moisture during storage and transport.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdad2ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bdad2ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c2f938 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c2f938\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the key findings reinforced through testing was the impact moisture can have on activated carbon performance.<\/p><p>Activated carbon naturally absorbs moisture from the surrounding environment. If carbon becomes saturated with moisture during storage or transport, its chemical adsorption capacity can be reduced before the filter is even installed.<\/p><p>This is one reason why proper storage and packaging matters. Purecab filters are vacuum sealed to help protect the activated carbon from humidity and moisture exposure during storage and transport. Maintaining dry carbon helps maximise chemical adsorption performance and prolong both shelf life and effective use life.<\/p><p>If activated carbon filters are not stored in airtight packaging, they may absorb moisture over time which can reduce their effective lifespan once installed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd238c5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dd238c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-051f2bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"051f2bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Carbon Type and Volume Make a Difference<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-513eaae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"513eaae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2742faa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2742faa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3aafedc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3aafedc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Carbon-Type-and-Volume-Make-a-Difference-1024x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1546\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Carbon-Type-and-Volume-Make-a-Difference-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Carbon-Type-and-Volume-Make-a-Difference-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Carbon-Type-and-Volume-Make-a-Difference-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Carbon-Type-and-Volume-Make-a-Difference-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Carbon-Type-and-Volume-Make-a-Difference-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Carbon-Type-and-Volume-Make-a-Difference-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Carbon-Type-and-Volume-Make-a-Difference-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Carbon-Type-and-Volume-Make-a-Difference-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/purecab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Carbon-Type-and-Volume-Make-a-Difference.png 1707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f797a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f797a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33e021 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d33e021\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Testing also reinforced another important point: <strong>not all activated carbon filters are built the same.<\/strong><\/p><p>The performance of an activated carbon filter depends heavily on:<\/p><ul><li>Carbon type<\/li><li>Activation process<\/li><li>Carbon volume<\/li><li>Airflow design<\/li><li>Environmental conditions<\/li><\/ul><p>Greater carbon volume generally provides greater chemical adsorption capacity because it increases available surface area.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c85aee7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c85aee7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d454f93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d454f93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cGranulated activated carbon, such as those used in Purecab filters powered by ADXORB\u00ae, can achieve higher carbon loading compared with pellet-based or impregnated carbon media designs\u201d.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec4ab66 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec4ab66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0be71d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0be71d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This becomes especially important in high airflow applications where smaller filters may have reduced adsorption capacity due to faster air velocity passing through the filter.<\/p><p>In some tractor cabin systems, this is why manufacturers may require multiple cabin filters to achieve the required airflow and protection levels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c3ac71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c3ac71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Environmental Conditions Can Influence Filter Life<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35e82fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35e82fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The testing also highlighted how environmental conditions can affect activated carbon filter performance.<\/p><p>The following factors can influence adsorption life:<\/p><ul><li>Humidity<\/li><li>Temperature<\/li><li>Airflow volume<\/li><li>Chemical concentration<\/li><li>Chemical composition<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The testing used Ethyl Acetate to replicate a realistic spraying scenario, however different chemicals may react differently depending on the activated carbon formulation being used.<\/p><p>For specialised applications, different activated carbon types may be required depending on the contaminant being targeted, including applications involving:<\/p><ul><li>Anhydrous ammonia (NH\u2083)<\/li><li>Hydrogen Sulphide (H\u2082S)<\/li><li>Sulphur Dioxide (SO\u2082)<\/li><li>Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)<\/li><li>Compost and waste environments<\/li><li>Bitumen and industrial odours<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5e1448 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c5e1448\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designed for Protection &amp; Reusability<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c3d3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26c3d3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In addition to filtration performance, reusable activated carbon filters can also help reduce waste compared with disposable-only alternatives.<\/p><p>Purecab filters can be reconditioned through Recharge Kits or Express Recharge services, helping operators maintain compliant filtration performance while extending product life.<\/p><p>Combined with proper storage, correct maintenance and regular monitoring, activated carbon filtration remains one of the most important components in helping reduce chemical exposure inside tractor cabins during spraying operations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-114a879 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"114a879\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Importance of Independent Validation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48f76f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48f76f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>At Purecab, independent testing plays an important role in ongoing product development and performance validation.<\/p><p>Real laboratory testing under controlled conditions helps verify how filters perform under demanding environments, not simply under ideal conditions.<\/p><p>As spraying practices, machinery and operator expectations continue to evolve, independent testing remains critical in helping improve cabin air filtration technology and operator protection.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Published May 2026 When it comes to cabin air filtration during spraying operations, not all activated carbon filters perform the same. Many operators assume that if a filter contains activated carbon, it automatically provides effective protection against chemical vapours. However, real-world performance depends on several important factors including carbon type, moisture content, airflow, filter design [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1548,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6044],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1544","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-filtration-technology"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1544","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1544"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1544\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1560,"href":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1544\/revisions\/1560"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1548"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1544"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1544"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/purecab.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1544"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}